(2022-09-21). How German imperialism is gearing up for World War III. wsws.org Germany's ruling class is using NATO's war in Ukraine against Russia to aggressively reinvigorate militarism both at home and abroad.
(2022-09-21). Sunday 9/25: Surge of Book Banning: Ominous Move toward Fascist America Panel Discussion. indybay.org Revolution Books | 2444 Durant Avenue | Berkeley, CA…
(2022-09-21). After Biden threatens war with China over Taiwan, US sends warship through Taiwan Strait. wsws.org Just days after US president Joe Biden pledged that he would not hesitate to send US troops to fight China in a potential war over Taiwan, US and Canadian warships sailed through the Taiwan strait in a deliberate provocation.
(2022-09-21). US Navy Commander Says China Is Capable of Blockading Taiwan. news.antiwar.com The head of the US Navy's Japan-based Seventh Fleet said that he believes China is capable of blockading the island of Taiwan. | "They have a very large navy, and if they want to bully and put ships around Taiwan, they very much can do that," Vice Adm. Karl Thomas Thomas' comments come after China launched its largest-ever military exercises around Taiwan in response to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi visiting the island in early August. As part of the drills, China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) simulate…
(2022-09-21). PLA monitors U.S., Canadian warships sailing through Taiwan Straits. ecns.cn The People's Liberation Army Eastern Theater Command mobilized its air and naval forces to monitor the passage of United States and Canadian warships through the Taiwan Straits on Tuesday, the command's spokesman said.
(2022-09-21). Russia at war with collective West rather than Ukraine: MoD. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 21 (MNA) — Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said that Russia was at war with the collective West rather than Ukraine.
(2022-09-21). Podemos backs Madrid's commitment to NATO war on Russia. wsws.org Podemos' aggressive support for NATO's war in Ukraine against Russia, amid mounting working class anger at inflation and war, exposes it as a reactionary petty-bourgeois militarist party.
(2022-09-21). Crisis-ridden Kremlin pushes through new law on wartime mobilization, prepares referendums in East Ukraine. wsws.org Ten days after the Russian army suffered a major military debacle in northeastern Ukraine, with troops fleeing from about a tenth of the territory Russia had occupied, there are signs that the Kremlin is preparing for a significant escalation of the conflict.
(2022-09-21). U.S. urged to adopt rational China policy. ecns.cn Minister Wang Yi has urged the United States to adopt a rational and pragmatic China policy and to properly handle the Taiwan question, saying that a new Cold War between Beijing and Washington would be disastrous for their bilateral ties and for the whole world.
(2022-09-21). Barbara Lee & "Pete" Get An Earful In Oakland Over Tax Dollars For A's Owner John Fisher. indybay.org Congresswoman Barbara Lee, US Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg and Oakland Mayor Libby Schaff joined together to talk about Federal funding for Oakland projects. Barbara Lee and "Pete" refused to say whether they supported Federal funds going to the GAP A's billionaire owner John Fisher's proposed new A' stadium on Port of Oakland public land at Howard Terminal. "Pete" also refused to say whether this project would harm the Port of Oakland as a working port.
(2022-09-21). Saladin Muhammad 1946-2022: Rest in power! iacenter.org The following statement was issued by the North Carolina-based Black Workers for Justice on Sept. 19. Read at tinyurl.com/55kuk8ty. Greetings to Our Revolutionary Family, Friends and Comrades, Saladin Muhammad It is with great sadness and profound loss that we announce the passing of our exemplary revolutionary warrior and leader, Comrade Brother Saladin Muhammad. Saladin passed this morning after a long battle with illness. His wife, Naeema and son Muhammad were with him as he transitioned. He fought until the end. They described him as being at peace. Brother Saladin leaves an outstanding legacy of revolutionar…
(2022-09-21). Amazon, Starbucks say 'get back': Workers say fight back! workers.org 
Big Business would like to believe that the wave of class struggle by U.S. workers is fading — despite being so visible in Amazon Labor Union's historic victory at the JFK8 warehouse in Staten Island, New York, and in the lightning spread of Starbucks Workers United (SBWU). Hundreds of Starbucks . . . |
(2022-09-21). Leader receives Sacred Defense's veterans, commanders. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 21 (MNA) — The Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei received a group of commanders and war veterans on Wednesday morning.
(2022-09-21). California ready for Unstoppable Africa. indybay.org The entire California Corridor to include or California State Capitol is looking forward to hosting our African Diaspora Spring 2023, building on goals and objectives of the Global Africa Business Initiative…
(2022-09-21). Saturday 9/17: Benchlands Resistance Organizing. indybay.org Benchlands near the 2nd stairway down from the Courthouse parking lot as you walk from Water St. towards the Duck Pond in San Lorenzo Park.
(2022-09-21). US, Qatar discuss diplomacy toward Iran. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 21 (MNA) — US special envoy for Iran Robert Malley and Qatari foreign minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani met and held talks regarding several issues including diplomacy toward Iran.
(2022-09-21). Tuesday 9/20: Send a Message to Chase: Stop Funding Climate Chaos. indybay.org Chase Center ‚Ä¢ 1 Warriors Way, San Francisco, CA 94158 US…
(2022-09-21). US, Canadian warships sail through Taiwan Strait. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 21 (MNA) — A US Navy warship and a Canadian frigate carried out a routine transit through the Taiwan Strait on Tuesday amid heightened tensions between Beijing and Taipei.
(2022-09-21). 'Graveyard' wins best film award at Italian film festival. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 21(MNA) — Iranian short film 'Graveyard' by Ali Darai, won the best film award at the 25th edition of the Religion Today Festival in Italy.
(2022-09-21). Commentary: a killing spree in Oklahoma. workers.org 
The state of Oklahoma is making execution history. It is poised to become a serial killer. On July 1, an Oklahoma court set execution dates for 25 men on its death row who have exhausted their appeals. Executions will take place each month for 25 months. Tabling at Oklahoma Peace . . . |
(2022-09-21). Venezuela Officially Regains Control of Monómeros in Colombia. orinocotribune.com 
This Tuesday, September 20, the Venezuelan state officially regained control of the petrochemical company Monómeros, after Colombian and Venezuelan authorities signed an agreement in this regard. The Venezuelan ambassador to Colombia, Félix Plasencia, indicated this Monday that the recovery of Monómeros ends "the interventionist, treacherous, and irresponsible claim" that has harmed Venezuelans in recent years, detrimentally affecting the interests of the population. | During the presidency of Iván Duque, control of Monómeros was handed over to a group appointed by Juan Guaidó, the alleged Venezuelan "interim pre…
(2022-09-21). Chinese, Venezuelan FMs meet on sidelines of UNGA session. ecns.cn Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met Tuesday with Venezuelan Foreign Minister Carlos Faria on the sidelines of the ongoing 77th session of the UN General Assembly.
(2022-09-21). Standing Rock Rattled Legislators into Backdoor Deal: Prison for Peaceful Protesters. indybay.org
(2022-09-21). Otra del bloqueo: Estados Unidos obliga a pedir visa de ese país a los poseedores de visa europea que visiten Cuba. cubadebate.cu Los europeos y los cubanos con doble nacionalidad, que hayan viajado a Cuba deberán solicitar una visa de ingreso antes de visitar Estados Unidos, según las disposiciones del Gobierno de ese país. La medida se debe a que Cuba fue designada espuriamente como Estado Patrocinador del Terrorismo por la administración del expresidente Donald Trump. El gobierno de Joe Biden, el pasado mayo, volvió a incluir a la isla en la lista negra junto a países como Venezuela, Irán, Corea del Norte y Siria.
(2022-09-21). Presidente de Venezuela exige a EE.UU. que no manipule el tema de la migración. telesurtv.net Maduro dijo que más de la mitad de la población que emigró ha regresado a Venezuela, "están regresando y son bienvenidos en el Plan Vuelta la Patria"..
(2022-09-21). Parlamentarios de Venezuela y Colombia realizarán encuentro en la frontera. telesurtv.net Está previsto que en el encuentro participen diputados de las zonas fronterizas de Venezuela y de la Comisión Segunda del Congreso de Colombia.
(2022-09-20). The Shelling of Zaporozhye Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP): International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Takes Ukraine Side, Making UN Secretary-General Guterres Either a Liar or a Fool. globalresearch.ca
(2022-09-20). Iran's Raisi Meets With France's Macron on Nuclear Deal at UN General Assembly. news.antiwar.com
(2022-09-20). Iran rightful to demand confidence-building guarantees. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 20 (MNA) — Referring to the issue of nuclear negotiations and the withdrawal of the US from the JCPOA, the Iranian President said that Iran has the right to demand confidence-building guarantees.
(2022-09-20). US Soldiers Helping Ukrainians With Weapons Maintenance Remotely. news.antiwar.com US troops stationed at an airbase in Poland are helping Ukrainians maintain their US-provided weapons remotely via encrypted digital chats, Defense One reported on Sunday. The US troops are helping the Ukrainians fix and maintain HIMARS rocket systems, Javelin anti-tank launchers, howitzers, and other equipment. The Americans and Ukrainians have 14 encrypted chats, one for …
(2022-09-20). AMLO: Mexico's Proposal on Peace for Ukraine To Reach UNGA. telesurenglish.net President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard would present the proposal at the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York, U.S. | RELATED: | Andrés Manuel López ObradorAMLO said in his morning press conference from the National Palace that Mexico advocates peace, not war, not economic sanctions, not arms shipments, and called to promptly initiate dialogue to stop the suffering, displaced, refugees and deaths.
(2022-09-20). Iranian Game Changer In The Ukrainian War. southfront.org 
|
(2022-09-20). Russia's State Duma Approves Bill Introducing 'Mobilization' to Russian Criminal Code. news.antiwar.com Russia's lower house of parliament, the State Duma, on Tuesday approved a bill that toughens punishment for Russian military personnel during times of "mobilization," signaling Moscow could be preparing to escalate in Ukraine. So far, the Russian government of President Vladimir Putin has rejected calls to mobilize for war, which would involve a nationwide military …
(2022-09-20). Russian-Backed Authorities in Ukraine Announce Referendums to Join Russia. news.antiwar.com Authorities in Russian-controlled areas of Ukraine Putin was set…
(2022-09-20). Military Situation In Syria On September 20, 2022 (Map Update). southfront.org 
On September 20, Russia reported that Idlib militants violated the ceasefire regime in Greater Idlib 3 times: 1 in Latakia province, 1 in Aleppo province, 1 in Idlib province; | On September 20, SDF artillery shelled positions of Turkish-backed forces near Afrin city; | On September 20, artillery of Turkish-backed forces shelled SDF positions west of Manbij city; | Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Mikhail Bogdanov stated that Moscow sup…
(2022-09-20). Russian Airstrikes Kill 45 Islamists in Syria's Idlib. news.antiwar.com Russia claimed a series of airstrikes in Syria's Idlib killed at least Russia reported the strikes hit a warehouse in Sheikh Yousef, along with a pair of arms depots all belonging to the militants, who control most of Idlib Province. | Idlib is one of the last rebel provinces, where Syrian forces control the south, Turks hold the far north, and the HTS Islamists hold the central highway leading to Aleppo. | The US has listed HTS as a terrorist group, but tends to issue statements sympathetic t…
(2022-09-20). Turkish-Greek tensions escalate amid NATO-Russia war. wsws.org As the Greek president visits islands in the Aegean Sea and the US lifts its arms embargo on Cyprus, dangerous tensions between Athens and Ankara are rising.
(2022-09-20). Venezuela is a Reliable and Strategic Partner: Putin. telesurenglish.net On Tuesday, President Vladimir Putin affirmed that Russia will strengthen bilateral cooperation with Venezuela, a country that the Kremlin considers "a reliable and strategic partner." | RELATED: | "Russia and Venezuela maintain close or fully coincident positions on the main issues on the international agenda," Putin said during a ceremony in which he received credentials from ambassadors from 24 nations. | "We maintain an intense…
(2022-09-20). Biden on "60 Minutes": American capitalism is at war with the world, at war with reality. wsws.org In the space of 25 minutes, Biden declared the COVID-19 "pandemic over," threatened a massive escalation of war against Russia and pledged US forces to a possible war with China.
(2022-09-20). World is changing, moving towards multipolarity: Putin. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 20 (MNA) — Russian President Vladimir Putin says that the current world order is undergoing a transformation, moving towards multipolarity.
(2022-09-20). China, Pakistan to carry forward all-weather friendship: Chinese FM. ecns.cn China and Pakistan will maintain close high-level exchanges and carry forward their unbreakable all-weather friendship, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi said on Monday.
(2022-09-20). IPOs dwindle in U.S., boom in Asia. ecns.cn As the number of IPOs plunged in the United States this year, related activity has shifted eastward with China's market showing more vibrancy, experts said on Monday.
(2022-09-20). U.S. pulls Australia deeper into its plans for war against China. peoplesworld.org 
SYDNEY, Australia—The indicators that preparations are being made for war are coming thick and fast. Previous governments have committed close to one-quarter of a billion dollars on so-called defense, but the items suggest war preparations coordinated with the U.S. and aimed at containing or confronting China militarily. Here are some of these commitments: Upgrading the …
(2022-09-20). Despite What Media Claim, New IDF Chief of Staff is a Particularly Gruesome War Criminal. mintpressnews.com 
As a career officer in the Israeli infantry, there can be no doubt that Herzi Halevi participated in countless attacks on civilians, and has no experience whatsoever in facing an actual army.
(2022-09-20). The Roar of a U.S. Warplane Over a Civilian Irish Airport. towardfreedom.org Shannonwatch's objectives are to "end U.S. military use of Shannon Airport, to stop rendition flights through the airport, and to obtain accountability for both from the relevant Irish authorities and political leaders." Vijay Prashad writes from Ireland for Globetrotter.
(2022-09-20). African countries face double whammy of debt crisis and food crisis. wsws.org The World Bank has warned that the number of Africans living in extreme poverty is set to rise from 424 million before the pandemic in 2019 to 463 million this year, more than one third of the continent's 1.2 billion population.
(2022-09-20). Pentagon Opens Review Of Its Clandestine Psychological Operations. news.antiwar.com The Pentagon has ordered a sweeping review of how it conducts clandestine information warfare after social media sites removed fake accounts that were suspected of being linked to the US military, The Washington Post reported on Monday. A report published last month by research groups Graphika and the Stanford Internet Observatory detailed the activity of …
(2022-09-20). White House Official Says Biden's Comments on Defending Taiwan 'Speak for Themselves'. news.antiwar.com The top Asia official on the White House's National Security Council said Monday that President Biden's recent comments on defending Taiwan "speak for themselves" and rejected the characterization that the White House walked them back. "I do not believe that it is appropriate to call the remarks that came from the White House today as …
(2022-09-20). Law of Neutrality: Just When Is a State a Belligerent in a War? globalresearch.ca
(2022-09-20). 'The War on Drugs Has Failed', President Petro Tells the UNGA. telesurenglish.net On Tuesday, Colombia's President Gustavo Petro called on the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) to end the "irrational" war on drugs, which is destroying the Amazon rainforest and harming his country. | RELATED: | "From my wounded Latin America, I demand that you end the irrational war on drugs. Reducing drug use does not require wars, it requires that we all build a better society," Petro said in his speech. | "The wa…
(2022-09-20). Argentina's President: Pandemic Highlights World's Inequalities. telesurenglish.net The President of Argentina, Alberto Fernández, warned on Tuesday at the United Nations that the covid-19 pandemic exacerbated the gap between the wealthiest and the poorest countries. | President of the Argentine Republic, Alberto Fernandez delivers his address during the 77th General Debate inside the General Assembly Hall at United Nations Headquarters in New York, New York, USA, 20 September 2022.
(2022-09-20). Military Situation In Yemen On September 20, 2022 (Map Update). southfront.org 
(2022-09-20). UN Officials Denounce Israel's "Illegal and Unacceptable" War on Palestinian Civil Society. globalresearch.ca
(2022-09-20). Bill Gates Failed Effort To Feed Africa: Was He Even Trying To Help in the First Place? orinocotribune.com By Edward Liger Smith Sep 15, 2022 | Healthcare administration students in the United States have no choice but to learn about private vs public interests, and the power that private interests have in crafting the Nation's healthcare policy. Essentials of Health Policy and Law is a fairly standard healthcare administration textbook that budding health policy experts are given to study in American universities. The text uses health policy decisions made in recent years by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as an example of the way private interests control public health policy. Accord…
(2022-09-20). Colombia's President Gustavo Petro in His Speech at UNGA. telesurenglish.net This Tuesday, addressing the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York, U.S., the Colombian President proposed to "end the war on drugs and all wars, and allow our people to live in peace." | RELATED: | Petro advocates a new international strategy to fight drug trafficking, as he considers the global war on drugs a failure. | The guilty party for drug addiction is capitalist consumerism and its inabil…
(2022-09-20). COVID, Capitalism, and Class War: A Social and Political Chronology of the Pandemic. wsws.org Mehring Books, the publishing arm of the Socialist Equality Party (US), is proud to announce the publication of Volume 1 of COVID, Capitalism, and Class War: A Social and Political Chronology of the Pandemic, a compilation of the World Socialist Web Site's coverage of this global crisis. We post today Evan Blake's introduction to the book.
(2022-09-20). Sanctions, terrorism, war results of unilateralism. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 20 (MNA) — The Iranian President described sanctions, terrorism, and war as manifestations of unilateralism and said, "Unilateralism causes suffering in human societies".
(2022-09-20). Canadian dock workers go on strike, leading to closure of major coal terminal. wsws.org The day before 200 longshore and warehouse workers went on strike at Westshore Terminal in Vancouver, 81 longshore workers at the Port of Quebec were locked out by their employer.
(2022-09-20). Latino working-class voters are key. cpusa.org 
This November, the extreme right aims to win control of the Senate and House of Representatives and retain and augment control of key state and local posts. To defeat the Trump/MAGA-dominated Republican Party, mobilizing the greatest turnout of voters possible is imperative. This will require ideological, strategic, and tactical awareness and preparation. A large …
(2022-09-20). Iran fuel ships to navigate towards Lebanon in 2 weeks. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 20 (MNA) — According to some sources in the Iranian embassy in Beirut, the fuel ships will set off from Tehran towards the Lebanese ports in around two weeks.
(2022-09-20). Chile's President Brings up Constitutional Process at UNGA. telesurenglish.net In his speech at the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Boric referred to the constituent process carried out in Chile in recent years, which he said was "the way out to walk in the peaceful and democratic solution" to the crisis marked by the social outburst in 2019. | RELATED: | Boric talked about the agreement reached between the main political forces that "allowed the elaboration of a route…
(2022-09-20). UPDATE: DeSantis defends phony brochure; sheriff launches criminal investigation. popularresistance.org On Monday morning, Popular Information broke the news that migrants from Venezuela were provided with false information to convince them to board flights chartered by Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R). A brochure distributed to migrants says that they will be eligible for numerous benefits in Massachusetts, including "8 months cash assistance," "assistance with housing," "food," "clothing," "job placement," "registering children for school," and many other benefits. | None of this is true. The benefits described in the brochure are resettlement benefits available to refugees who have been referred by the United N…
(2022-09-20). UN: Bolivia Asks for Peace and Blames Capitalism for Conflicts. telesurenglish.net The President of Bolivia, Luis Arce, advocated for world peace in his speech at the seventieth session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York and accused the transnational corporations of the capitalist system of generating global conflicts. | President of Bolivia, Luis Alberto Arce Catacora delivers his address during the 77th General Debate inside the General Assembly Hall at United Nations Headquarters in New York, New York, USA, 20 September 2022.
(2022-09-20). Venezuela's Delegates Arrive in New York for UN General Assembly. orinocotribune.com 
(2022-09-20). Sunday 9/18: International Peace Day Celebration – Monterey. indybay.org Whispering Pines Park, 1085 Pacific Avenue, Monterey, CA 93940…
(2022-09-20). Iran, Venezuela sign 60 MoUs to strengthen bilateral ties. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Sep. 20 (MNA) — Iran and Venezuela signed 60 Memorandums of Understanding to strengthen and develop their bilateral relations.
(2022-09-20). Venezuela afina detalles para apertura de frontera con Colombia. telesurtv.net Además de la apertura fronteriza, el próximo lunes reiniciarán los vuelos entre las dos naciones.
(2022-09-20). Canciller venezolano se reúne con secretario adjunto de OCHA. telesurtv.net Venezuela y la ONU abordan las necesidades humanitarias y sociales y apoyan diversos esfuerzos en curso para solucionarlas.
(2022-09-20). Venezuela y Bolivia afianzan relación de cooperación bilateral. telesurtv.net Cancilleres Carlos Faría y Rogelio Mayta se reunieron en Nueva York con miras a la realización de la III Comisión Mixta entre ambas naciones.
(2022-09-20). Firefighters Put Out Fire at Puerto La Cruz Refinery. orinocotribune.com September 19, 2022, a fire was detected in the Puerto La Cruz refinery, Anzoátegui state. The Venezuelan oil minister, Tareck El Aissami, reported in a telephone contact with Venezolana de Televisión that lightning struck the oxidation and treatment lagoon that is located within the refinery facilities and contains hydrocarbon residues. | "At this time, the firefighters and the refinery's protection and insurance teams are taking action on the fire," El Aissami said at 3: 45 p.m. on Monday. "We have deployed all the fire department services of the Anzoátegui governorate and the rest of the facilities in the east o…
(2022-09-20). Estado venezolano recupera control de la empresa petroquímica Monómeros. telesurtv.net El superintendente de Colombia, Billy Escobar, ratificó la voluntad del Gobierno venezolano de designar una nueva directiva en Monómeros.
(2022-09-20). Colombia Records 80th Massacre in 2022 -Indepaz. telesurenglish.net The Institute for Development and Peace Studies (Indepaz) registered this Tuesday the murder of four men in the municipality of Puerto Lleras, in the department of Meta, adding to 80 massacres in the country this year. | RELATED: | "Four men were murdered in the village of El Caribe, jurisdiction of the municipality of Puerto Lleras. The bodies of these people were found with several signs of violence," Indepaz said. | According…
(2022-09-19). NATO Prolongs the Ukraine Proxy War and Global Unrest. libya360.wordpress.com Aaron Maté With diplomacy thwarted, the US and its allies plan for "open-ended" military and economic warfare against Russia, no matter the costs at home and abroad. The Ukrainian military's routing of Russian forces from Kharkiv, which relied extensively on US planning, weaponry and intelligence, has sparked triumphant declarations that the tide has turned. According to The Atlantic's Anne…
(2022-09-19). Donetsk City Center Bombed by Ukraine. libya360.wordpress.com Deborah L. Armstrong Russell "Texas" Bentley, who lives in Donetsk, just sent me this video of the aftermath of the bombing, which pulverized buildings and killed at least 13 people on September 19. You can watch it here: Warning: Graphic images and adult language. Video courtesy Russell Bentley on Telegram: t.me/TXDPR/2181 Bentley messaged me the video…
(2022-09-19). Europe, More Than Putin, Must Shoulder the Blame for the Energy Crisis. transcend.org 14 Sep 2022 – The same arrogant, self-righteous posturing from the West that fuelled the Ukraine war is now plunging Europe into recession.
(2022-09-19). (W.E. Talk) The U.S. 'Indo-Pacific Strategy' set to counter China and harms Asia-Pacific peace and security. ecns.cn In the latest W.E. Talk, Hu Bo, director of the South China Sea Strategic Situation Probing Initiative, Research Professor of the School of International Studies at Peking University and Lucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, Member of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Association for Chinese Studies were invited to discuss on the above topics.